Kaizer Vaughn J. Escamillan | Jose Gabriel P. Clapano | Seanne Lalaine San Diego | Jean Clariz L. Siglos | Wali Abdul Ontawar | Jexel Jerkin Pedrosa | Justine Ramos |
April 30, 2026
The study evaluated the efficacy of Citrus Microcarpa, or calamansi, extract as a natural stain remover for oxidizable, greasy, and enzymatic stains on cotton and polyester fabrics, with the purpose of offering an environmentally friendly alternative solution to commercial chemical cleaners. An experimental design was used, wherein four calamansi-based formulations were tested in a pen-like applicator. Stain removal was quantified through spectrophotometer and digital image analysis, while consistency was checked through standard deviations across replicates. Each solution showed a different level of effectiveness. 75% calamansi formulation was the most consistent for enzymatic stains on both fabrics; 50% formulation performed best for oxidizable stains on cotton, while 100% calamansi did better on polyester; 1:1 calamansi: vinegar performed best for greasy stains. Given this scenario, it has been found that formulations provide good performance. The extract from calamansi is a viable natural stain remover, which can be used in an eco-friendly way, although making it better shall differ depending on the type of stain and fabric. It helps us use fewer harmful chemicals, which matches many consumers’ preference for eco-friendly products. However, the study recommends further research on long-term effects and broader applications.